Google向大众在线发布《生活》杂志图片

DeGaulle

一个世界上最大的，涵盖了从19世纪80年代到20世纪重大时刻，乃至当今的图片集锦已于今日开始向公众提供在线浏览功能。http://images.google.com/hosted/life


大部分图片都来源于《生活》杂志——20世纪摄影记者展示作品的最佳平台。
从玛丽莲•梦露到巴拉克•奥巴马和希拉里•克林顿，大约会有1000万张图片供大家浏览。其中有约97%的图片未曾公开过。
Google今天宣布，他们已经完成了《生活》的工作，将照片网上发布。还有一些来自其他渠道的照片也能在线浏览了，其中有部分来自前《时代》出版商亨利•鲁斯的收藏。
这次集锦包括了《生活》杂志摄影记者阿尔弗雷德•艾森斯塔德、高加•米利和尼娜•利恩的所有作品。同时公开的还有：肯尼迪暗杀事件泽普鲁德胶片；19世纪80年代以来的纽约达尔斯特伦玻璃盘资料（译者注：柯罗版制版术就是一种使用带明胶表面的玻璃盘承载即将被复制的图象的印刷制版术）；雨果•杰格的纳粹德国1937-1944。


《生活》杂志（Life magazine）————————

是一本在美国发行的老牌杂志，一周发行一次，可说是在美国家喻户晓，地位与另一本时代杂志（Time magazine）相差不远。其前身是1883年在纽约市曼哈顿发行的幽默周刊，发行社就叫做生活出版社（Life Publishing Company），当时这本周刊因漫画，性感海报女郎（en:pin up girl）还有影剧资料丰富而大受欢迎。
1936年，亨利•卢斯（en:Henry Luce）正式创立生活杂志，定位为新闻摄影纪实杂志，属于时代华纳公司，第一期发行日是1936年11月23日。创刊宗旨是「看见生活、看见世界」（To see life; see the world）
《时代》在20年代虽远无今天的影响，但已经取得成功，当《生活》杂志取得巨大成功后，使得《时代》从中受益匪浅。

《生活》杂志现在已经停刊了，但是它还存活在网络世界里，你可以点击Life.com。


上图


Civil War
Officers of Irish 69th NY Militia surrounding 8-inch seacoast howitzer as their commander Col. Michael Corcoran (far, L) stands to side, during early days of Civil War, at Fort Corcoran.
Location: Arlington, VA, US
Date taken: 1860
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Civil War
(L-R): Maj. Allan Pinkerton, US Pres. Abraham Lincoln (wearing his trademark stovepipe hat) & Gen. John A. McClernand, in front of pitched tent on battlefield while Civil War is taking place.
Location: Antietam, MD, US
Date taken: October 1862
Photographer: Alexander Gardner
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War And Conflict-Civil War
Cassius M. Clay Battalion defending White House, during Civil War.
Location: Washington, DC, US
Date taken: April 1861
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Rear view of former slave revealing scars on his back from savage whipping, in photo taken after he escaped to become Union soldier during Civil War.
Location: US
Date taken: 1863
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Group of Navajo Indian women working on looms on reservation.
Location: AZ, US
Date taken: 1873
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Snow-covered train tracks, rooftops and arches of the Brooklyn Bridge seen from the rear of a train during the Blizzard of 1888.
Location: Brooklyn, NY, US
Date taken: March 14, 1888
Photographer: Wallace G. Levison
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Young Isabel Harter riding a tricycle while her sister Nellie rolls a hoop, with other children and adults in background.
Location: Ft Greene, NY, US
Date taken: May 22, 1886
Photographer: Wallace G. Levison
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Wright brothers Wilbur (R) and Orville (at controls) with their 1903 airplane “Kitty Hawk” on first flight lasting twelve seconds.
Location: Kitty Hawk, NC, US
Date taken: December 17, 1903
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Crowd gathered in front of buildings felled by massive earthquake which rocked the San Francisco area.
Location: San Francisco, CA, US
Date taken: April 18, 1906
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British sailors marching through Whitehall during celebration of Victory Day, commemorating the signing of the Treaty of Versailles and the end of World War I.
Location: London, United Kingdom
Date taken: July 19, 1919
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Migrant mother Florence Thompson and children photographed by Dorothea Lange.
Location: Nipomo, CA, US
Date taken: 1936
Photographer: Dorothea Lange
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Laundry wagon being pulled past tenement bldgs. in slums of New York City.
Location: New York, NY, US
Date taken: October 1937
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
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U.S. Navy at Hawaii.
Location: HI, US
Date taken: 1940
Photographer: Carl Mydans
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Squadron of Douglas TBD torpedo bombers in flight during the US Navy’s Pacific fleet maneuvers.
Location: HI, US
Date taken: September 1940
Photographer: Carl Mydans
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Roosevelt
US Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (C) riding in jeep, visiting US troops stationed in Sicily during WW II.
Location: Italy
Date taken: 1944
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Aerial of ships in Pearl Harbor Navy Yard.
Location: Hawaii, US
Date taken: 1945
Photographer: W. Eugene Smith
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University of Hawaii girls who are chosen by the student body to serve as Princesses and Queen in annual May Day ceremony held at the University.
Location: HI, US
Date taken: September 1945
Photographer: Eliot Elisofon
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Geyser “Old Faithful” erupting in Yellowstone National Park.
Location: WY, US
Date taken: 1946
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
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Jackie Robinson
Baseball great Jackie Robinson during filming of “The Jackie Robinson Story”.
Location: CA, US
Date taken: March 1950
Photographer: J. R. Eyerman
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Actress Marilyn Monroe at home.
Location: Hollywood, CA, US
Date taken: 1953
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
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Sen. John Kennedy (R) w. bride Jacqueline (L) in wedding attire, sitting together at table, eating pineapple salad at formally set table outdoors at their wedding reception.
Location: Newport, RI, US
Date taken: September 1953
Photographer: Lisa Larsen
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Colorado Dust Bowl
Dust storm rising over farmer walking across his plowed field away from windmill and corral already choked with pile of dust on farm.
Location: Hartman, CO, US
Date taken: May 1954
Photographer: Margaret Bourke-White
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Second Siege/Petersburg, Va
Rev. Martin Luther King, at Atlanta University for SCLC-sponsored student conference.  
Location: Atlanta, GA, US
Date taken: May 1960
Photographer: Howard Sochurek
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Jackie Kennedy
Jackie Kennedy helping daughter Caroline put on her rain hat and slicker before going out to play, at home.
Location: Hyannis Port, MA, US
Date taken: September 13, 1960
Photographer: Alfred Eisenstaedt
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Jacqueline Kennedy attending the inauguration of her husband, Pres. John F. Kennedy.
Location: Washington, DC, US
Date taken: January 20, 1961
Photographer: Paul Schutzer
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Surfing In Hawaii
Surfers, Sunset Beach, Oahu, Hawaii.
Location: HI, US
Date taken: 1963
Photographer: George Silk
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Surfing In Hawaii
Photographer: George Silk
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Horizontal view of huge crowd gathered on the Mall between the Lincoln and Washington Monument during the civil rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Location: Washington, DC, US
Date taken: August 28, 1963
Photographer: Robert W. Kelley
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Commuters reading of John F. Kennedy’s assassination.
Location: NY, US
Date taken: November 1963
Photographer: Carl Mydans
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RFK Assassination
Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy (on floor in fore) being comforted by busboy Juan Romero (R - in white jacket) and others as camera crews hover about following (fatal) shooting by Palestinian Sirhan Sirhan.
Location: CA, US
Date taken: June 05, 1968
Photographer: Bill Eppridge
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Apollo X
View of earth taken fr. Apollo 10 space ship, w. peninsula of Baja, CA seen through swirling cloud cover.
Date taken: May 1969
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Splashdown of Apollo XI mission.
Date taken: July 24, 1969
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Apollo XI astronaut Buzz Aldrin standing on surface of Moon near leg of Lunar Module “Eagle” w. reflection of astronaut Neil Armstrong & module shining on face mask.
Date taken: July 20, 1969
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Boxer Muhammad Ali.
Location: FL, US
Date taken: 1971
Photographer: John Shearer
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Boxer Muhammad Ali training for his fight against Joe Frazier.
Location: Miami Beach, FL, US
Date taken: 1971
Photographer: John Shearer
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Boxer Joe Frazier having his beard combed before an appearence with his singing group ” The Knockouts.”
Location: US
Date taken: 1971
Photographer: John Shearer
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Joe Frazier vs. Mohammed Ali at Madison Square Garden.
Location: New York, NY, US
Date taken: March 08, 1971
Photographer: John Shearer
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Group portrait of entire Walt Disney World staff, including cast of costumed Disney characters in fore, standing in front of Cinderella Castle prior to grand opening of amusement park.
Location: Orlando, FL, US
Date taken: October 15, 1971
Photographer: Yale Joel
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There’s been some debate over the location of this image in the comments section but here’s the link to the photo in the archive and it’s identified as Times Square although I’ve found some of the caption info to be incorrect while searching through the photos. Since I’ve had so many comments, I’ve taken it down to New York!
New York
Photographer: Andreas Feininger
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Jill St. John
Closeup of beautifully weathered hands of Navajo woman modeling turquoise bracelet & ring made by Native Americans.
Location: NM, US
Date taken: September 1972
Photographer: Michael Mauney
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1972 Winter Olympics
90 meter ski jump during the 1972 Olympics.
Location: Sapporo, Japan
Date taken: 1972
Photographer: John Dominis
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蓝天雄鹰

欧洲网上抵制谷歌文化霸权

欧洲人的反击

　　欧洲数字图书馆是欧盟大力推广的重要文化项目之一。这个今年5月被命名为“Europeana”的大型网站，目前拥有大约300万件数字藏品，包括书籍、音乐、电影、报纸、相片、博物馆藏品等等。

　　这些内容大多来自欧洲各国的一流博物馆、图书馆、档案馆和音像资料馆，其中包括法国卢浮宫、荷兰阿姆斯特丹皇家博物馆等等。项目的核心团队由荷兰国家图书馆的员工组成，有90个机构参与。

　　全球有1000多家档案库、博物馆和图书馆已经开始着手进行数字化。巴黎卢浮宫对其收藏的油画等文化藏品进行了数字化处理，并将相关数字化资料贡献给Europeana。法国国立广播电视档案馆也将其20世纪近8万份作品提供给了这个网站。

　　网站目前可以提供英语、德语、法语等20多种语言的服务。网站内容没有版权，所有个人或者机构可以直接在Europeana网站上免费使用这些文化财富。比如，如果人们想要欣赏达·芬奇的名画“蒙娜丽莎”，只需要在网站上输入“达·芬奇”，就可以仔细欣赏他的包括“蒙娜丽莎”在内的多幅画作。

　　数字图书馆打破了时间和空间的限制，只要能上网，就可以方便地查找相关信息，帮助人们在更大范围内共建共享信息资源，实现无限的资源和服务。因此，数字图书馆建设成为了各国21世纪文化科技竞争的重点。

　　欧盟计划加大投入，在2010年前将1000万件文化资源放入Europeana里面；届时，Europeana还将提供所有欧盟成员国语言的版本。

　　对于欧盟的宏大计划，很多分析人士表示，欧洲数字图书馆的筹建并非仅仅是一个文化项目这么简单，这个雄心勃勃的计划实际上是为了与美国Google强大的图书搜索项目相抗衡。

　　2004年12月，Google宣布计划筹建全球最大的数字图书馆。Google表示，将与美国纽约公共图书馆以及哈佛大学、斯坦福大学、密歇根大学和牛津大学的图书馆合作，将其馆藏图书扫描制作成电子版本放到互联网上供读者使用。这个项目预计将于2015年完成，届时将有1000万册书籍可供查阅。

　　这一消息深深刺痛了以法国为首的欧洲的知识分子和政治家。他们认为，此举势必进一步加强美国在信息和知识领域的强势地位，美国式的信息和思维将会对欧洲的文化安全造成冲击，并进而对国家政权和社会制度的建立和维护造成威胁。

　　长期以来，欧洲文化圈内相当部分人士十分反感美国的文化入侵。欧洲显然不愿受到其他国家的左右。但是，历史文化悠久、科学技术先进的欧洲国家对数字图书馆的建设仍是一盘散沙，没有共享和规模上的优势。

　　2005年4月27日，由世界第二大图书馆法国国家图书馆牵头，欧洲19所国家图书馆负责人在巴黎发表联合共建欧洲数字图书馆的声明。同年，这一项目正式设立，并由欧盟负责协调和承担初期的资金投入。

　　微妙的是，Google对Europeana的出现表示了祝贺，并希望能够参与合作。

蓝天雄鹰

Google领先一步

　　Europeana项目得到了欧洲各国的空前重视。法国和德国等欧洲6国领导人曾发表致欧盟公开信，要求尽快启动欧洲数字图书馆工程。然而不容否认的是，在图书馆数字化领域，Google已经走在了前面。

　　Google图书搜索创立于2004年，用户可以通过Google图书检索部分或全文阅读图书，还能通过网上书店进行订购。全球已经有超过2800多家图书馆和1万多家出版机构与之建立了合作关系，通过Google的图书搜索推广书籍。

　　通过与前述全球各大图书馆的合作，Google目前已经建立起能够通过互联网进行全文搜索的数据库，对大约700万册图书做了数字化处理，能够实现100多万本书籍的在线全文搜索。

　　业界人士认为，在海量文本信息中实现图书搜索将是未来搜索业务的一个重要的盈利点。Google同时也表示，将会继续推进图书搜索服务，其目标是帮助用户检索世界上所有的书籍。Google在数字图书馆方面起步早，全球合作广泛，并在近几年的发展中，逐步扩大自己的优势，大有形成垄断的趋势。

　　今年5月25日，随着微软表示将关闭图书搜索和学术论文搜索这两个LiveSearch产品服务，它意味着微软和Google在图书搜索方面竞争以前者失败宣告终结，这势必进一步增强Google图书搜索的全球竞争力。

　　10月29日，Google与以美国作家协会和美国出版商协会为代表的全球作家和出版商公布了一项突破性的和解协议。按照协议，Google共需要支付1.25亿美元来补偿作者和出版商被在线访问的作品。不过，该协议还需要获得纽约联邦法院的批准。如果批准通过，用户可以在线浏览Google图书搜索的大量版权图书和其他书面资料，相关版权者也将得到补偿，并且Google也将摆脱书籍版权官司的烦恼，从而扫清称霸信息世界的又一个障碍。

　　在Google图书搜索日益强大的背景之下，欧洲数字图书馆的反击无疑压力巨大。但是并非完全没有胜算。

　　尽管Google一再表示，图书搜索的使命在于集中全球信息，广泛为人们所使用，但是Google表现出来的霸权地位和商业化服务色彩受到了很多人的质疑。

　　最近，与Google有合作关系的哈佛大学就对Google与各出版商和图书作者达成的一项图书文本搜索项目表示反对。美国哈佛大学图书馆馆长在一封公开信中表示，这一图书文本搜索项目对人们自由使用书籍信息造成了很多限制；同时，由于缺乏竞争对手，收取费用的合理性也难以保证。

　　此外，对于具有浪漫情怀的欧洲人来说，Europeana以文化艺术遗产为主，项目包括了书籍、音乐、电影、报纸、相片等丰富内容，这可以说是他们与Google竞争时先天拥有的一个巨大优势。

　　再加之欧洲人民的民族主义热情和政府的鼎力支持，欧洲数字图书馆仍然有获胜的可能。