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发表于 2007-4-10 11:46:27
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这是土库曼斯坦驻美国大使馆网站上关于土库曼历史的介绍
http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html
Mongol Invasions
In 1157, during a revolt of powerful landowners, the Seljuk Empire
collapsed. The leaders of Khiva took control of Turkmenistan, but their
reign was brief. In 1221, central Asia suffered a disastrous invasion by
Mongol warriors who were sweeping across the region from their base in
eastern Asia.
Under their commander Genghis Khan, the Mongols conquered Khiva
and burned the city of Merv to the ground. The Mongol leader ordered
the massacre of Merv's inhabitants as well as the destruction of
Turkmenistan's farms and irrigation works. The Turkmen who survived the invasion retreated northward to the plains of Kazakhstan or eastward to the shores of the Caspian Sea.
After Genghis Khan's death in 1227, the Mongols lost control of
Turkmenistan. Small, semi-independent states arose under the rule of the
region's landowners. In the 1370’s, the Mongol leader Timur (known as
Tamerlane in Europe), a descendant of Genghis Khan, conquered these
states once more and established the Timurid Empire. But after Timur's
death in 1405, the realm weakened and soon disintegrated.
The Mongol invasions had divided the Turkmen into small clans and had
pushed them into the desert. Later, as the Mongols retreated from
Turkmenistan, the Turkmen fell under the control of Muslim khans (rulers)
who established khanates in Bukhara (in modern Uzbekistan) and Khiva.
The rivalry between the khans and the rulers of Persia touched off
centuries of war in Turkmenistan. Persians, Turkmen, and the khans
fought for the scattered oases in southern Turkmenistan. From the 14th
through the 17th century, Turkmenistan was in decline. To escape the
conflicts, most Turkmen moved to the remote deserts along the borders of Persia and Afghanistan. |
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