<P><STRONG><FONT color=#0909f7>关于巴尔虎与布里亚特的资料</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT color=#0909f7>--------------------------------------------------------------</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT color=#ff0000> 以下关于各地布里亚特人的资料表明,总的来说以阿加布里亚特为代表的东布里亚特人的情况要好与其他地区的布里亚特。而西布里亚特(主要是严重俄化的伊尔库茨克布里亚特人)、新巴尔虎和陈巴尔虎都面临着被同化的命运(巴尔虎受内、外蒙古和汉人的影响)。</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT color=#0909f7> Buryat 布里亚特 </FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG><FONT color=#0909f7> 芬兰蒙古学者杨虎嫩</FONT></STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG> </STRONG></P>
<P><STRONG>Buryat</STRONG> <br><STRONG><FONT color=#0909f7>1. Eastern Buryat <br>2. Western Buryat ENDANGERED <br>3. New Bargut ENDANGERED <br>4. Old Bargut SERIOUSLY ENDANGERED</FONT></STRONG> <br><br><br><STRONG><FONT color=#ff0000 size=5>Buryat: Eastern Buryat</FONT><br></STRONG><br>Variant(s): Eastern Buriat, (Chinese pinyin:) Buliyate, in Mongolia and China officially counted as a variety of Mongolian, (Chinese pinyin:) Menggu <br><br>Geographical location: in Transbaikalia, extending from Lake Baikal in the west to the Onon basin in the east; also in northeastern Mongolia (since the 19th century) and northwestern Manchuria, China (after 1917); on the Russian side the Eastern Buryat population is today concentrated in the regions known as the Buryat Republic (Buryatia) and the Aga Buryat Autonomous District of Chita Oblast; on the Chinese side the speakers of Eastern Buryat live in the region of the river Xinihe (Shinehen), a tributary to the Imin-Hailar-Argun system in southern Hulun Buir, Inner Mongolia <br><br>Relationships: part of Buryat/N/Mongol <br><br>Present state of the language: POTENTIALLY ENDANGERED <br>(a) children speakers and (<!--emo&B)--><IMG src="http://www.almas.yix.org/html/emoticons/cool.gif" border=0><!--endemo--> mean age of youngest speakers: in many rural areas, children are still learning the language, but not in cities, where Russian is normally spoken even between Buryat-speaking individuals <br>&copy; distribution by sex: in rural areas, knowledge of other languages (Russian, Mongolian, Chinese, and Japanese) seems to be better among adult males than females <br>(d) total number of speakers: possibly more than 300,000; members of the ethnic group: approx. 400,000, if the population of Buryat origin in Mongolia is included <br>(e) degree of speakers' competence: generally good, though under increasing interference from Russian; the language also has a Soviet-period written standard (in Cyrillic script) replacing earlier use of Written Mongolian; the Russian impact is currently being fought back by a purist movement, which aims at reintroducing Written Mongolian as the literary language; Written Mongolian is also going to be reintroduced in Mongolia, and it already serves as the literary language for the Buryat population in China <br><br>Sources: <br>(i) information (about the language) and (ii) published material (of the language): Nicholas POPPE, Buriat grammar, Bloomington 1960; there is a vast literature of material and research on all aspects of the language, mainly in Russian <br>(iii) competent scholar(s) and institution(s): Valentin RASSADIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Buryat Branch, Ulan-Ude, Buryatia <br><br>Remarks: the Buryat-speaking territory is, nevertheless, continuously shrinking, and there are very few monolingual individuals <br><br>Compiler: Dr. Juha Janhunen, Helsinki, 21 Dec. 1993 <br>___________________________________________________________________<br><br><FONT color=#ff0000><STRONG><FONT size=5>Buryat: Western Buryat</FONT></STRONG><br></FONT><br>Variant(s): Western Buriat, (historically in Russian:) bratskij <br><br>Geographical location: in Cisbaikalia, to the north of the Eastern Sayan mountains and in the Angara region; officially concentrated in the Ust'-Orda (Ust'-Ordynskij) Autonomous District of Irkutsk Oblast; a displaced dialect of Western Buryat is also spoken in the Barguzin valley of Transbaikalia <br><br>Relationships: part of Buryat/N/Mongol <br><br>Present state of the language: ENDANGERED [locally NEARLY EXTINCT] <br>(a) children speakers and (<!--emo&B)--><IMG src="http://www.almas.yix.org/html/emoticons/cool.gif" border=0><!--endemo--> mean age of youngest speakers: relatively few; a completely assimilated generation has grown up in cities <br>&copy; distribution by sex: no known difference <br>(d) total number of speakers: no exact data are available, since speakers of Western and Eastern Buryat are not distinguished in official census data; members of the ethnic group: probably less than 50,000 <br>(e) degree of speakers' competence: deteriorating due to interference from Russian, invariably known as a second language; Russian cultural impact has also been stronger on the speakers of Western Buryat than on those of Eastern Buryat; Written Mongolian was traditionally not used as a literary language, but Standard Eastern Buryat (in Cyrillic script) gained some foothold during the Soviet period <br><br>Sources: <br>(i) information (about the language) and (ii) published material (of the language): there is a considerable dialectological literature in Russian covering both Eastern and Western Buryat <br>(iii) competent scholar(s) and institution(s): Valentin RASSADIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, Buryat Branch, Ulan-Ude, Buryatia <br><br>Remarks: Western and Eastern Buryat are officially counted as a single language, but their differences are large enough to prevent immediate mutual intelligibility; internally, Western Buryat, with a variety of dialects, is more heterogeneous than Eastern Buryat <br><br>Compiler: Dr. Juha Janhunen, Helsinki, 22 Dec. 1993 <br>_______________________________________________________________<br><br><STRONG><FONT size=4><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT size=5>Buryat: New Bargut</FONT><br></FONT></FONT></STRONG><br>Variant(s): New Barghut, (Chinese pinyin:) Xin Baerhu, officially counted as a variety of Mongolian, (Chinese pinyin:) Menggu <br><br>Geographical location: in the southwestern part of the Barga steppe region, within the Right and Left Xin Baerhu Banners of Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia, China <br><br>Relationships: <STRONG>part of Buryat/N/Mongol</STRONG> <br><br>Present state of the language: ENDANGERED <br>(a) children speakers and (<!--emo&B)--><IMG src="http://www.almas.yix.org/html/emoticons/cool.gif" border=0><!--endemo--> mean age of youngest speakers: the language is apparently still being learnt by many children in pre-school age, but native language skills are undermined in later age by the assimilative pressure of Standard Mongolian, the official minority language of Inner Mongolia <br>&copy; distribution by sex: no known difference <br>(d) total number of speakers: no exact data available; possibly still a majority of the total ethnic group ; members of the ethnic group: probably less than 100,000 <br>(e) degree of speakers' competence: since children are educated in Standard Mongolian, there is a lot of variation as to how consistently any given individual will preserve New Bargut features in his native speech <br><br>Sources: <br>(i) information (about the language) and (ii) published material (of the language): B. X. TODAEVA, Mongol'skie jazyki i dialekty Kitaja, Moskva 1960 <br>(iii) competent scholar(s) and institution(s): c/o CHENGGELTEI, Inner Mongolian University, Huhehaote, Inner Mongolia, China <br><br>Remarks: like Old Bargut, New Bargut is an early (18th century) Manchurian branch of Eastern Buryat that has developed under increasing influence of the northern dialects of Mongolian proper <br><br>Compiler: Dr. Juha Janhunen, Helsinki, 23 Dec. 1993 <br>__________________________________________________________________<br><br><FONT color=#ff0000><STRONG><FONT size=5>Buryat: Old Bargut</FONT></STRONG><br></FONT><br>Variant(s): Old Barghut, (Chinese pinyin:) Chen Baerhu, officially counted as a variety of Mongolian, (Chinese pinyin:) Menggu <br><br>Geographical location: in the northern part of the Barga steppe region, within the Chen Baerhu Banner of Hulun Buir Aimak, Inner Mongolia, China <br><br>Relationships:<STRONG> part of Buryat/N/Mongol <br></STRONG><br>Present state of the language: SERIOUSLY ENDANGERED <br>(a) children speakers and (<!--emo&B)--><IMG src="http://www.almas.yix.org/html/emoticons/cool.gif" border=0><!--endemo--> mean age of youngest speakers: the language is probably still being learnt by some children in pre-school age, but native language skills are undermined in later age, even more than among the speakers of New Bargut, by the assimilative pressure of Standard Mongolian <br>&copy; distribution by sex: no known difference <br>(d) total number of speakers: no exact data available; probably only a minority of the total ethnic group ; members of the ethnic group: probably less than 50,000 <br>(e) degree of speakers' competence: since children are educated in Standard Mongolian, there is a lot of variation as to how consistently any given individual will preserve Old Bargut features in his native speech; currently, a mixed variety of speech seems to be emerging, which may be classified as a dialect of Mongolian proper <br><br>Sources: <br>(i) information (about the language): Juha JANHUNEN: Preliminary notes on the phonology of Modern Bargut, Studia Orientalia 64, Helsinki 1988 <br>(ii) published material (of the language): UUDA nar (ed.): Mongghol t鲵鲮 ? kele ayalghun u sudulul un cuburil 2--3, K鲭eqota (Huhehaote) 1983 <br>(iii) competent scholar(s) and institution(s): c/o CHENGGELTEI, Inner Mongolian University, Huhehaote, Inner Mongolia, China <br><br>Remarks: like New Bargut, Old Bargut is an early (17th century) Manchurian branch of Eastern Buryat that seems to have developed in relative isolation, though recently under increasing influence of the northern dialects of Mongolian proper <br><br>Compiler: Dr. Juha Janhunen, Helsinki, 23 Dec. 1993 <!-- THE POST --></P><br><br>
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