<P>契丹肯定是属于阿尔泰蒙古语系的，因为我的一部分达斡尔祖先就是契丹之后</P>
<P>以下是契丹文字和历史疆域图（契丹文字分契丹大字和契丹小字两种）</P>
<P><a href="http://www.dawoer.com/bbs/topic.asp?topic_id=423&forum_id=8" target="_blank" >http://www.dawoer.com/bbs/topic.asp?topic_id=423&forum_id=8</A></P>
<P>这是从国外网站找来的一部分文字和译文</P>
<P><FONT color=#333333>Free of Uighur restraint, the Kitan expanded in all directions in the latter half of the ninth century and the early years of the tenth century. By 925 the Kitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Huang He. In the recurrent process of sinicization, by the middle of the tenth century Kitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China; their rule was known as the Liao Dynasty (916-1125). <br>The period of the eleventh and twelfth centuries was one of consolidation, preceding the most momentous era in Mongol history, the era of Chinggis Khan. During those centuries, the vast region of deserts, mountains, and grazing land was inhabited by people resembling each other in racial, cultural, and linguistic characteristics; ethnologically they were essentially Mongol. The similarites among the Mongols, T?k, Tangut, and Tatars who inhabited this region causes considerable ethnic and historical confusion. Generally, the Mongols and the closely related Tatars inhabited the northern and the eastern areas; the T?k (who already had begun to spread over western Asia and southeastern Europe) were in the west and the southwest; the Tangut, who were more closely related to the Tibetans than were the other nomads and who were not a Turkic people, were in eastern Xinjiang, Gansu, and western Inner Mongolia. The Liao state was homogeneous, and the Kitan had begun to lose their nomadic characteristics. The Kitan built cities and exerted dominion over their agricultural subjects as a means of consolidating their empire. To the west and the northwest of Liao were many other Mongol tribes, linked together in various tenuous alliances and groupings, but with little national cohesiveness. In Gansu and eastern Xinjiang, the Tangut--who had taken advantage of the Tang decline--had formed a state, Western Xia or Xixia (1038-1227), nominally under Chinese suzerainty. Xinjiang was dominated by the Uighurs, who were loosely allied with the Chinese. <br>The people of Mongolia at this time were predominantly spirit worshipers, with shamans providing spiritual and religious guidance to the people and tribal leaders. There had been some infusion of Buddhism, which had spread from Xinjiang, but it did not yet have a strong influence. Nestorian Christianity also had penetrated Inner Asia. <br>In the eleventh century, the Kitan completed the conquest of China north of the Huang He. Despite close cultural ties between the Kitan and Western Xia that led the latter to become increasingly sinicized, during the remainder of that century and the early years of the twelfth century, the two Mongol groups were frequently at war with each other and with the Song Dynasty (A.D. 960-1279) of China. The Uighurs of the Turpan region often were involved in these wars, usually aiding the Chinese against Western Xia. <br>A Tungusic people, the Jurchen, ancestors of the Manchu, formed an alliance with the Song and reduced the Kitan Empire to vassal status in a seven-year war (1115-1122). The Jurchen leader proclaimed himself the founder of a new era, the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234). Scarcely pausing in their conquests, the Jurchen subdued neighboring Koryo (Korea) in 1226 and invaded the territory of their former allies, the Song, to precipitate a series of wars with China that continued through the remainder of the century. Meanwhile, the defeated Kitan Liao ruler had fled with the small remnant of his army to the Tarim Basin, where he allied himself with the Uighurs and established the Karakitai state (known also as the Western Liao Dynasty, 1124-1234), which soon controlled both sides of the Pamir Mountains. The Jurchen turned their attention to the Mongols who, in 1139 and in 1147, warded them off.</FONT><br></P>
<P>西夏应该也是阿尔泰蒙古语族的，因为西夏通过契丹字创造了自己的西夏文字，而满通古斯语族的满族却没有这么做</P>
<P><FONT color=#333333>1，由于不是这个专业，在专有名词的翻译上必定错误百出。例如，我不知道如何区分蒙古人，蒙古族，蒙古族群，蒙古人种。因为在英语里都是MONGOL。<br>2，由作者的文法和历史观点看都有很重的中国特色，应该是中国人写的。<br>3，在不违背历史和原意的原则下，我加了一些文字修饰，使文章更有可读性。<br>4，增加了分段，更容易看明白。<br>5，该篇文章似乎是蒙古史的一个片段，据我的理解作者似乎赞同契丹和蒙古的亲近关系。因为他认为西夏和契丹都是蒙古人。看蓝色字体处。<br>5，欢迎大家批评指正。<br>###################################################################################### </FONT></P>
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<P>在9世纪的后半叶和10世纪的早期，契丹人为了摆脱维吾尔人的控制向四面八方扩张。到925年契丹人已经统治了蒙古东部，满洲的大部，和中国黄河以北的大部分地区。在逐渐汉化的过程中契丹首领们在北中国建立了帝国成为了皇帝，他们的政权称为辽朝(916-1125)。11和12世纪是个这个政权巩固的时代（这之后将是蒙古历史中最重要的一个时期，成吉思汗时期）。</P>
<P>这些世纪中在广袤的沙漠，山林和草原地带居住很多在种族，文化和语言特征上相似的人民。人种学上他们是原始蒙古族。住在这个地区的蒙古人，突厥人，唐古特人和塔塔尔人之间的相似性使人种学和历史学研究中产生了很多争议。通常，蒙古人和与他最密切的塔塔尔住在北部和东部地区；突厥人（他们已经散布于整个西亚和东南欧）在西部和西南部；唐古特人跟其他的几个游牧民族比起来更接近吐蕃特人，他们也不属于突厥语系，住在现在新疆东部，甘肃，和内蒙古的西部。</P>
<P>辽国被慢慢同化了，契丹人开始丢掉他们的游牧文化特征。契丹人建造城市用来控制那些从事农业的国民以巩固他们的帝国。</P>
<P>在辽国的西部和西北部是许多别的蒙古部落，分为各种各样松散的弱小联盟和族群。在现在甘肃和新疆的东部，唐古特人趁唐朝的衰落建立了一个国家，称为西方的夏或西夏(1038-1227),名义上承认了中国人的宗主权。新疆被维吾尔人控制着，他们与中国人结成松散的联盟。那时候大部分蒙古人是有灵论者，由萨满给人民和部落首领提供精神和宗教指引。<br><br>佛教已从新疆传入了蒙古，但影响不大。基督教聂斯托里派已经传播到了中亚。 </P>
<P>在11世纪，契丹已经完成了对黄河以北中国地区的占领。虽然契丹和西夏有着密切的文化联系（这导致西夏更加汉化），但在11世纪剩下的时间里和12世纪的早期，这两个<FONT color=blue>蒙古族群</FONT>频繁的互相打仗，并且也同中国的宋朝(A.D. 960-1279)征战不休。吐鲁番地区的维吾尔经常被卷入这些战争，通常帮助中国人反对西夏。 </P>
<P>通古斯卓尔沁人（即满族的祖先）在一场7年(1115-1122)的战争中与宋朝结盟打败契丹帝国使之臣服。卓尔沁人首领宣布建立金朝(1115-1234)。接着卓尔沁人在1226年征服了高丽并侵略了前盟友宋朝的疆土，这导致了在13世纪里以后的时间内陷入了与中国的一系列战争。</P>
<P>同时，被击败的辽国统治者带领他残余的小部军队逃到了塔里木盆地。那里他与维吾尔人结盟并建立黑辽国(也称之为西辽， 1124-1234)， 黑辽国很快控制了帕米尔山两麓。这时卓尔沁人把他们的注意力转向了蒙古人，蒙古人曾在1139和1147年两次挡住了他们的进攻。</P>
[此贴子已经被作者于2006-2-28 21:32:42编辑过]
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发表于 2006-2-28 21:12:50
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